Specification encyclopedia · LOD 100–500 without folklore
BIM LOD levels: LOD 100–500, accuracy and scope
Level of Development (LOD) describes how reliable and complete a model element is for a stated use. It is not a visual style setting. LOD must be paired with Level of Information (LOI) and a purpose statement — otherwise “LOD 400” becomes a marketing adjective.
LOD 100–500 in plain language
| LOD | Meaning (practical) | Scan-to-BIM note |
|---|---|---|
| 100 | Concept / massing | Rarely a scan deliverable |
| 200 | Generic placeholders | Useful for early space planning from coarse scans |
| 300 | Defined assemblies for coordination | Common renovation target for arch/struct |
| 350 | Interfaces with adjacent systems detailed | Strong for congested MEP corridors |
| 400 | Fabrication-level detail | Only where scan + purpose justify it |
| 500 | Verified as-built | Requires documented verification |
Write an LOD matrix (template logic)
Rows = element categories (walls, slabs, ducts, cable trays…). Columns = LOD, LOI fields required, tolerance, inclusion rules, responsible party. Attach the matrix to every Scan-to-BIM proposal.
How LOD changes price and schedule
Jumping from LOD 300 architecture-only to LOD 350 full MEP can multiply effort more than area increases. Buyers should tender with the matrix, not with “LOD 400 everywhere.”
LOD vs LOI — stop mixing acronyms
LOD is about reliability of the element for a use. LOI is information richness. Define both in the BEP. Do not paste “LOD 400” onto a schedule column and assume fabricators are safe.
Scan-to-BIM LOD examples that prevent arguments
- Walls to unfinished face vs finished face — pick one.
- Duct: insulation included in OD or separate?
- Steel: connection details modelled or schematic with survey points?
- Terrain: TIN referenced or modelled as topography?
Buyer decision guide
LOD is a scope and reliance language; it is not a universal promise of millimetre accuracy. Buyers should specify required elements, geometric definition, information fields and authorised uses rather than ordering one LOD number for an entire building.
Inputs to request before a quote
- Element-by-element model uses and decision dates
- Geometry requirements separated from non-graphical information
- Accuracy/tolerance requirements for measured existing conditions
- Representation rules for interfaces, penetrations, supports and concealed items
Acceptance framework
Put acceptance criteria into the scope before production. The following checks are a practical starting point and should be adjusted to the project’s risks and intended model use.
| Control | What “good” means | How to verify it |
|---|---|---|
| Geometry definition | Shape, size, location and orientation are sufficient for the stated use | Review representative elements by category |
| Information | Required properties have source, format and acceptance rule | Schedule completeness and value validation |
| Reliance | Permitted downstream use is stated for each milestone | Confirm use in the model responsibility matrix |
| Measured accuracy | Tolerance is stated independently from LOD | Cloud-to-model evidence on critical elements |
Limitations and common procurement errors
LOD 300 does not automatically mean accurate to a particular number of millimetres, and LOD 400 does not make fabrication responsibility transfer silently. For as-built work, model detail can exceed the reliability of the source. The correct response is to expose assumptions and use distinct tolerances by element priority.
What the handover should contain
Use a matrix with element category, geometry requirement, information requirement, tolerance, source, phase, responsible party and acceptance method. That matrix should be attached to the quote and updated through controlled changes.
Primary reference: BIMForum LOD Specification. This studio guide explains procurement and QA application; it does not reproduce or replace a standard, contract or software manual.
Frequently asked questions
What is LOD 300?
LOD 300 typically means elements are defined with accurate quantity, size, shape, location, and orientation suitable for coordination — still not necessarily fabrication-ready.
What is LOD 500?
LOD 500 is field-verified as-built. In Scan-to-BIM, only elements actually checked against reliable reality data should carry that claim.
Need this delivered — not just explained?
Scan to BIM Studios is both an encyclopedia and a delivery studio. If you came here to understand LOD levels in BIM and now need a model, a pilot, or a scoped quote, talk to the same people who write for depth.